A Brief Colonial History Of Ceylon(SriLanka)
Sri Lanka: One Island Two Nations
A Brief Colonial History Of Ceylon(SriLanka)
Sri Lanka: One Island Two Nations
(Full Story)
Search This Blog
Back to 500BC.
==========================
Thiranjala Weerasinghe sj.- One Island Two Nations
?????????????????????????????????????????????????Thursday, May 11, 2017
Universities must do more to tackle use of smart drugs, say experts
Academics call on institutions to consider measures such as drug testing to stem UK rise of drugs used to cope with exam stress
Adderall, one of the most common cognitive enhancement drugs. Photograph: Bloomberg/Getty Images
Students at Oxford. Photograph: Pete Lusabia/Alamy Stock Photo
Universities must do more to tackle the growing number of students turning to “smart drugs” to cope with exam stress, leading academics have said.
UK institutions are being called on to consider measures such as drug
testing to stem the rise of cognitive enhancement drugs being used by
young people to improve their academic performance.
As hundreds of thousands of students across the UK prepare to sit their
summer exams in coming weeks, Thomas Lancaster, an associate dean at
Staffordshire University, said we were entering a “dangerous world”
where students have access to the “study drugs”. He called on
universities to have “frank discussions” with students and to develop
policies around their use.
“Universities need to seriously consider how to react to the influx of
smart drugs on campus. Educating students about smart drugs and seeing
if they view this as cheating is important here. If the trend continues,
universities may need to think about drug testing to ensure the
integrity of the examination process,” Lancaster said.
Smart drugs, also known as nootropics,
are a group of prescription drugs used to improve concentration, memory
and mental stamina during periods of study. The most commonly used ones
are Modafinil, Ritalin and Adderall. These substances are normally used
to treat disorders such as narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Larissa Maier, a research associate at the University of Zurich, called
for more education about the risks associated with the substances. Her
concerns were echoed by Prof Tim Hales, the head of neuroscience at
Dundee University. He said: “In the short term some of these drugs may
not be harmful, but we don’t know about their potentially harmful
cumulative effects. Different students will respond differently,
particularly when taking other medications, alcohol or recreational
drugs at the same time.”
The growth of smart drugs over the past five years has been well
documented, especially in top institutions such as Oxford University. In
May 2016 the Oxford student newspaper, the Cherwell, published a survey
that showed 15.6% of students knowingly took Modafinil or another such
drug without prescription.
Oxford has introduced workshops to educate young people about smart drugs.
A recent European study co-authored by Robert Dempsey, a lecturer in
psychology at Staffordshire University, found that the majority of
university students believe it is normal to use such drugs to enhance
academic performance.
Maier said current estimates indicate about 10% to 15% of students have
tried to enhance their cognitive performance with prescription drugs,
alcohol or illegal drugs at least once. With a UK student population of 2.3 million, this works out at about 230,000 people.
Oxford University said it had not seen evidence of a widespread problem,
but added that students were strongly advised not to take any
unprescribed drugs. “Students who are struggling to cope personally or
academically will find a range of support at Oxford. They should talk to
their tutors, their college welfare officers, Oxford University Student
Union, their GP, or the university counselling service.”
The health risks that the drugs could pose are still unclear, but using
them without a prescription is illegal and can lead to unwanted
side-effects, such as increased anxiety and heart rate.
Maier said the number of students using the drugs could increase due to increased availability both at universities and online.
Dr Dominique Thompson, the director of the students’ health service at
Bristol University, said she sees a handful of students a year who come
in suffering the side-effects of the medications, such as insomnia. She put the rise in use down to increased competition and pressure on young people.
Thompson said: “There is a huge pressure to do well and excel and be
different to everyone else as well as financial pressure now. That may
be another factor as to why students feel they need to use any means to
do well.”
The Guardian heard from several students who claimed to have faked ADHD
symptoms in order to be prescribed Ritalin or Adderall. One student,
from UCL, said: “I obtained the drugs from a friend who wanted Ritalin
to use as a smart drug. She memorised the symptoms of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder and convinced a GP to prescribe it.”
Non-prescription sale of Noopept, a fine white powder that its makers
claim enhances cognitive ability, was banned in the UK last year under
the Psychoactive Substances Act. However, several British websites appear to be actively selling this substance.
Modup, a website selling Modafinil, told the Guardian that during exam
time the volume of Modafinil shipped to the UK doubles. It claimed the
campuses it mainly sent stock to were Oxford and Cambridge, followed by
the London institutions Imperial and the London School of Economics.
One second-year student from Cambridge University, who asked to remain
anonymous, said: “I know quite a few people who have used study drugs,
including several of my housemates and friends. They all tend to take
Modafinil rather than either Ritalin or Adderall … given the sheer
volume and quality of work expected of people here, I would be
unsurprised if my college is representative of the university as a
whole.”
Another student from Leeds said they had been taking Modafinil or some
variant for essays and exams since the middle of second year. “My own
work rate has always been fairly pathetic without it so it’s been vital
for me in completing my dissertation and other big projects at uni. I do
know people who work very hard anyway, but take it for the non-stop
work they have to do for degrees like medicine.”
Universities do not appear to have a plan in place for tackling the
problem. Dr Cathy Montgomery, a reader in psychopharmacology at
Liverpool John Moores University, said: “Many universities don’t have
specific policies regarding use of cognitive enhancers as this is a new
area. Most universities do, however, have a drug policy, stating that
the use of drugs is prohibited on campus, but this does not necessarily
extend to medicines.”
But she said that before policies were put in place, more research
should be done: “We need a large-scale epidemiological study looking at
use of enhancers across the UK.”
Neal Patel, a spokesman for the Royal Pharmaceutical Society, said:
“Unfortunately, prescription-only medicines are available to just about
anyone with some spare cash willing to buy them from unscrupulous online
providers. You may or may not get what you pay for.
“Unrealistic expectations of the benefits of these powerful medicines,
coupled with peer pressure to use them, is an unhealthy mix for
students. Our advice remains for people to steer clear of prescription
medicines unless they are being prescribed under the supervision of a
health professional.”